ÏÐÎÃÐÀÌÌÀ ÎÎÍ
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ÐÅÃÈÎÍÀËÜÍÛÉ ÄÎÊËÀÄ
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Ýêçåìïëÿðû íàñòîÿùåãî äîêëàäà ìîæíî ïîëó÷èòü ïî
àäðåñó:
UNEP Chemicals11-13, chemin des Anémones
CH-1219 Châtelaine, GE
Switzerland
Òåë: +41 22 917 1234
Ôàêñ: +41 22 797 3460
Ýë.ïî÷òà: chemicals@unep.ch
ÄÅÊÀÁÐÜ 2002 Ã.
http://www.chem.unep.ch
Ïîäïðîãðàììà ÞÍÅÏ ïî õèìè÷åñêèì âåùåñòâàì ÿâëÿåòñÿ
Printed at United Nations, Geneva
GE.03-01887­July 2003­300
÷àñòüþ Îòäåëà òåõíîëîãèé,
UNEP/CHEMICALS/2003/12
ïðîìûøëåííîñòè è ýêîíîìèêè ÞÍÅÏ
ÃËÎÁÀËÜÍÛÉ ÝÊÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÔÎÍÄ













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2002 .





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(IOMC).
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:
UNEP Chemicals11-13, chemin des Anémones
CH-1219 Châtelaine, GE
Switzerland
:
+41 22 917 1234
: +41 22 797 3460
.: chemicals@unep.ch
http://www.chem.unep.ch
,

ii







VI

VII

1
1.1

1
1,2

1
1.2.1

2
1.2.2

2
1,3

2
1.3.1

2
1.3.2

3
1.3.3

3
1.3.4

3
1,4

3
1,4.1

3
1,4.2

4
1.4.3

4
1.5

5
1.5.1

5
1.5.2

5
1.5.3

9
1.5.4

9
1.5.5
,
10
1.6
-
17
1.6.1
-
17
1.6.2
17
1.6.3

18
1.6.4

19
1.7

20
1.8

21

23
1.9

23
1.10

23
1.10.1

23
1.10.2

24
1.10.3

24
1.11

26
1.11.1

26
1.11.2

26
1.11.3

26
1.11.4

27
1.11.5

27
1.11.6

27
1.11.7

27
1.11.8

28
1.11.9

28
iii


1.12

28
1.12.1

28
1.13

29
1.13.1

29
1.14
,
30
1.14.1

30
1.14.2
(-)
31
1.14.3

31
1.14.4
31
1.14.5

32
1.14.6

33
1.14.7

34
1.14.8

36
1.15

37
1.16

37
,

39
1.17

39
1.17.1

39
1.17.2

39
1.17.3

43
1.17.4

44
1.17.5

46
1.17.6

46
1.17.7

60
1.17.8

67
1.17.9

71
1.18
,


73
1.18.1

73
1.18.2

73
1.18.3

73
1.18.4

76
1.18.5
,
79
1.18.6

80
1.18.7

81
1.19
,


84
1.19.1

84
1.19.2

84
1.19.3



87
1.19.4

89
1.19.5

89
1.20
III ­
90
1.20.1

90
1.20.2

92
1.20.3
/
93
1.20.4
()
97
iv


1.20.5
()
97
1.20.6

98
1.20.7

98

99
1.21

99
1.22

100

1.23

100
1.23.1

100
1.23.2

101
1.23.3

101
1.24
/- (EMEP/MSCE-POP),


103
1.24.1

103
1.24.2
() [()]
105
1.24.3
- (-)
108
1.24.4

109
1.24.5

112
1.24.6

113
1.25



115
1.26

117
1.27

117


118
1.28

118
1.29

119
1.29.1

119
1.29.2

120
1.29.3

120
1.30

121
1.30.1

121
1.30.2

121
1.31



123
1.31.1

124
1.32

124

1.33

124
1.34

127
1.35

128
1.36

130
1.37

130

130
I
138

v




, , .
: GF/CP/4030-00-20, : GF/XG/4030-00-86
: , ,
. (Ivan Holoubek), RECETOX ­ TOCOEN
& Associates, , .
: (Ruth Alcock) (), - (Eva-Brorström-
Lundén) (), (Anton Kocan) (), (), (Ott Roots)
(), ()

: (), (Aake Bergman) (),
(Andreas Beyer) (), (Ludk Bláha) (), (Peter Bureaul)
(), (Peter Coleman) (), (Pavel Cupr) (),
(), (Jan Duyzer) (), (Jerzy Falandysz) (),
(Christine Fuell) (HELCOM), (Emanuel Heinisch) (), (Irena
Holoubková) (), (Kevin Jones) (), (Antonius Kettrup)
(), (Jií Kohoutek) (), (), (Michal
Krzyzanowski) (-), (Roland Kubiak) (), (Gerhard Lammel)
(), (Andre Lecloux) (B/EUROCHLOR), (Miroslav Machala) (),
(), (Michael McLachlan) (), (Janina
Lulek) (), (Anna Palm) (), (Andy Sweetman) (),
(Dick van de Meent) (), (Martin van den Berg) (),
(Jan Vanderbroght) (), (John Vijgen) (), (Peter Weiss)
(), (Sabine Wenzel) ()
2000
, , ,
, .
, .

.

Ivan Holoubek
RECETOX / TOCOEN & Associates
Kamenice 126/3
625 00 Brno
Czech Republic
holoubek@recetox.muni.cz


EUROCHLOR/CEFIC; Masaryk University Brno, CR; TOCOEN, s.r.o. Brno, CR and
Czech-Moravian Cement, a.s., CR.
vi




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xiv


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1.5.2
1.5.2.1
: 1,2,3,4,10,10--1,4,4a,5,8,8a--1,4-,-5,8--
(C12H8Cl6).
CAS: 309-00-2
: : 27 / 25°C; : 2,3 x 10-5 . . 20°C; log
KOW: 5,17-7,4.
: 1950 .
5


70- ,
, , .
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20 ­ 1,6 .
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80 /( ). LD50
33 /( ) 320 /( ) .
,
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1-200 / 2,2-53 / .
, /, 0,006 /(
) 0,2 /( ).
0,1 ­ 180 /.
1.5.2.2
: 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8--2,3,3a,4,7,7a-o-4,7- (C10H6Cl8).
CAS: 57-74-9
: : 56 / 25°C; : 0,98 x 10-5 . . 25 °C; log
KOW: 4,58-5,57.
: 1945
, , .
120 . 60-75%
, -, ,
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:
4 .
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: , LC50 0,4 / ( ) 90
/ ( ). ­
LD50 = 200 ­ 590 /( ), 19,1 /( ).
/,
0,002 /( ) 0,5 /( ).
1,5-6 /. ,

.
1.5.2.3 ()
: 1,1,1--2,2--(4-)- (C14H9Cl5).
CAS: 50-29-3.
: : 1,2-5,5 / 25°C; : 0,2 x 10-6 . . 20°C;
log KOW: 6,19 pp'-, 5,5 pp'- and 5,7 pp'-.
:
, , , .
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85% pp'- 15% op'- .
:
15 , 7 .
( 50000 500000 ).
.
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6


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1,0 /.
1.5.2.4
: 1,2,3,4,10,10--6,7--1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a--1,4--
5,8-- (C12H8Cl6O).
CAS: 60-57-1
: : 140 / 20°C; : 1,78 x 10-7 . . 20°C;
log KOW: 3,69-6,2.
: 1948
, ,
.
: ,
3-4 , . ,
4-10 .
: (LC50 1,1 41 /)
: LD50 40 - 70 /( ). ,
0,6 /( )
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/( ) 0,2 /( ).
0,1-18 /.
1.5.2.5
: 3,4,5,6,9,9--1a,2,2a,3,6,6a,7,7a--2,7:3,6-[2,3-
b] (C12H8Cl6O).
CAS: 72-20-8
: : 220-260 / 25 °C; : 2,7 x 10-7 . .
25°C; log KOW: 3.21-5.34
: 50-
, , ,
, . .
: ( ,
12 ).
14 18000.
: , ­
LC50 1 /. :
LD50 3-43 /( ); LD50 5-20 /( ).
, ,
0,05 /( · ).
1.5.2.6
: 1,4,5,6,7,8,8--3a,4,7,7a--4,7- (C10H5Cl7).
CAS: 76-44-8
: : 180 / 25°C; : 0,3 x 10-5 . . 20°C; log
KOW: 4,4-5,5.
:
, - ,
. .
: ,
, .
: 0,75 ­ 2 . ,
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.
:
7


( LD50 40 119 /( ).
­ LC50 0,11 /.
,
.
, /, 0,006 /( )
0,2 /( ).
1.5.2.7
: (C6Cl6).
CAS: 118-74-1
: : 50 / 20°C; : 1,09 x 10-5 . . 20°C; log
KOW: 3,93-6,42.
: 1945
, , ,
.
,
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.
: 2,7- 5,7 ,
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­ LD50 3,5 /( ).
[] 0,25 /( ). ,
(porphyria cutanea tarda)
, .
1.5.2.8
: 1,1a,2,2,3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6---1,3,4--1H--
[cd] (C10Cl12).
CAS: 2385-85-5
: : 0,07 / 25°C; : 3 x 10-7 . . 25°C; log
KOW: 5,28.
: 50-
.
, , , .
95,1% 2,58% ( ).
, ,
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, 2600 51400.
( 4,76 , = 52 /(3 ))
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: :
LD50 = 235 /( ), 80 /( ).
, LC50 96-
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1 /. , ,

.
8


1.5.2.9
: (C10H10Cl8).
CAS: 8001-35-2
: : 550 / 20°C; : 3,3 x 10-5 . . 25°C; log
KOW: 3,23-5,50.
: 1949
; ,
, , .
, , , .
300 67-60 .% .
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4247 76000 ).
: : 96- LC50 1,8
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0,5 / .
49 / 365 / .
, ,
0,35 / /, LD50 60 293 / .
, .
:
1,1 /
/.
1.5.3
1.5.3.1
: (C12H(10-n)Cln, n 1-10).
CAS: (, 1242 CAS 53469-21-9; 1254
CAS 11097-69-1).
: 0,01 -
0,0001 / 25°C; : 1,6-0,003 x 10-6 . . 20°C; log KOW: 4,3-8,26.
: 1929
(, , , ).
;
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153 .
: LC50
0,32 / , 0,01 /.
LD50 1 /( ).
, , , .
,
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1.5.4
1.5.4.1
: (C12H(8-n)ClnO2) (C12H(8-n)ClnO) 1 8
. 75 135 .
9


CAS: (2,3,7,8- 1746-01-6; 2,3,7,8- 51207-
31-9).
: 0,43 ­ 0,0002 / 25°C; : 2 ­
0,007 x 10-6 . . 20°C; log KOW: 6,60 ­ 8,20 - -
.
:
.
.
: , ,
( 10 ­ 12 )
.
.
: 2,3,7,8-
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1-2 /( · ).
0,1 /( ·
). , (
) 1-4 TEQ /( ),
1-70 TEQ /(
).
1.5.5 ,
1.5.5.1
: 2--4-()-6-()-s- (C10H6Cl8).
CAS: 19-12-24-9
: : 28 / 20°C; : 3,0 x 10-7 . . 20°C; log
Kow:2,34.
: ,
, ,
, , , .
50- . -
, ,
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:
(60 ­ 100 ).
, .
: LD50 3090 /( ) , 1750
/( ) , 750 /( ) 1000 /( )
. LD50 7500 /( ) 3000 /(
) . : LD50 2000 /(
).
. .
1.5.5.2 ()
: (C12H(10-n)BrnO, n = 1-10).
, 209,
-, - - .
CAS: ( 32534-81-9; 32536-52-0;
1163-19-5)
: : 0,9 / 25°C (); : 3,85 x 10-3
10


10-7 . . 20-25 °C; log KOW: 4,28 ­ 9,9.
: 60- .

, .
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35%) (10-11%) .
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Lumbriculus varigatus , 5000 /( )
(Krueger et al., 2001a,b,c) , 2 5% .

, 4 910 /( ) (Aufderheide et al., 2001). EC50
(28- 56- ) 4910 /(
).
4910 /( ). , .
( , , ,
, ) 6250 /( )
(Porch Krueger, 2001).
, , 6250
/( ), .
, ;
in vivo in vitro.
.
1.5.5.3 (-)
: 1,2,3,4,5,6- ( ) (C6H6Cl6).
CAS: 608-73-1 (-, : 58-89-9).
: -: : 7 / 20°C; : 3,3 x 10-5 . .
20°C; log KOW: 3,8.
: : « »,
, - (55-80%), - (5-14%) -
(8-15%), «», - .
, .
40- .
, , ,
.
:
, 1 2 .
,
. , (
11


-) .
: : LC50 20-90 /.
: LD50 60-250 /.
,
.
1.5.5.4
: , ,
(HgCH3).
CAS: 22967-92-6
: : 0,1 / 21°C (HgCH3Cl) 1,0 / 25ºC (Hg(CH3)2);
: 8,5 x 10-3 . . 25°C (HgCH3Cl); log KOW: 1,6 (HgCH3Cl) 2,28 (Hg(CH3)2).
:
, (, , ),
( , , , ).
, , , ,
, , .
;
, .
: , ,
,
. ,
.
, .
0,01%,
- 100%. 60 .
:
, .

, -, .
1.5.5.5
: -, -, -
. : (n-C4H9)nSn-X
(C6H5)3Sn-X, X ­ , .
CAS: 56-35-9 (O); 76-87-9 (OH)
: : 4 / (O) 1 / (OH) 25°C pH 7; : 7,5
x 10-7 . . 20°C (O) 3,5 x 10-8 . . 50ºC (OH); log KOW: 3,19 ­ 3,84.
(, ).
:
( ) .

( ),
, . ,
,
, .
: ,
.
, .
. ,
,
1000-6000.
: , .
80- ;
, , ,
, (, ).
(0,06-2,3 /).
12


1,0 / .
, , 0,05-0,003
/, . ,
, ,
.
1.5.5.6 ()
: (C6Cl5OH).
CAS: 87-86-5.
: : 14 / 20°C; : 16 x 10-5 . . 20°C; log
KOW: 3,32 ­ 5,86.
: (),
, () .
(, ,
, , ) .
.
: : 100
3,3 3,5 7,3. 72 ;
, 23-178 .
,
( 10-24 ).
: ,
,
. 24- LC50
0,2 /, 3,2 /.
: LD50
50 - 210 /( ). LC50 0,093 /
(48 ) 0,77-0,97 / (96 ) 0,47 / (48
).
1.5.5.7 ()
: ,
.
CAS: .
: : 0,00014 ­2,1 / 25ºC; : 0,0015 x 10-9 0,0051
. . 25°C; log KOW: 4,79-8,20.
:
, (),
.
: .
.
, () 9, 43 83
,
.
100-2000 .
, .
: ,
LD50 490 18000 /( ).
,
: LD50 (a) 10 /( ). Daphnia pulex LC50
1,0 /, 0,1 / (a) 0,005 /.
.
,
. [], []
[,h] . [b]
[1,2,3-c,d] .
13


1.5.5.8 ()
: (CxH(2x-y+2)Cly), C10-13.
n- 30 70%
. : (C10 ­
C13), (C14 ­ C17) (C18 ­ C30).
.

CAS: 85535-84-8
: .
:: : 150 - 470 / 20°C;
: 1,6 x 10-4 . . (0,021 a) 40°C ( C10-30% C13-70%
3,3 x 10-4 ­ 6,0 x 10-8 . . 20°C); log KOW:
4,39 ­ 8,69.
: ,

, .
,

.
:
, , ,
. ,
.
50%, -, .
. ,
.
: ,
LD50 4 - 50 /( ·),
10 ­ 100 /( ·) .
,
. ,
,
, 5 /.
1.5.5.9 ()
: (C12H4Br6 ).
CAS: 59536-65-1
: : 0,6 / 25°C; : 10-7 . . 20°C; log KOW:
6,39.
: 1970 .

(, )
(, ) .
,
.
:
. , .
, ,
.
:
. LD50
(LD50 1,0
21,5 /( ).
, , . ,
,
(, ) .
.
14


1.5.5.10
: . (),
(), (), (), (2-)
()(C24H38O4) () . CAS: 84-74-2 (),
85-68-7 (), 117-81-7 ().
: -
. : 9,9 / () 0,3 / () 25°C; : 3,5 x
10-5 () 6,4 x 10-6 () . . 25°C; log KOW: 1,5 ­ 7,1.
: ,
, .
40% .
: , : ,
, , .
1-30 .
: : 15-34
/( ) : , LD50
8 20 /( );
5 - 16 /( ).
.

. , , , ,
.
, 6 /.
1.5.5.11 () - (-)
: : C15H24O; : C14H22O.
CAS: 25154-52-3 ().
: : 6,3 / () 25°C; : 7,5 x 10-4 . . 20°C
(); log KOW: 4,5 () 5,92 ().
:
(), 60- . -
- ,
, , -,
, , , .
,
,
.
: ,
.
. - , 30-
60 , 1-3 10-48 .
, .
.
: ,
17 ­ 3000 /. ,
, 6 / 3,7 /
. 10 / 3 /
( , ).
, .
1.5.5.12

:





(, Pb(CH3)4) (, Pb(C2H5)4).
CAS: 75-74-1 () 78-00-2 ().
: : 17,9 / () 0,29 / () 25°C; : 22,5 0,15
. . 20°C TM ; log KOW.
:
15


«» . 70- (
) .
, (
) .
: (, )
­
. ,
.
(650x), (120x) (130x) (20x), (170x)
(60x).
: ,
,
. ,
.
­ : LD50 (, )
35 Pb/ - 108 Pb/; LC50 (, 96 ) 0,02 / - 0,11 /.
1.5.5.13

:
-1,3,4--2H-(cd)-2-
(C10Cl10O). .
CAS: 143-50-0
: : 7,6 / 25°C; : < 3 x 10-5 . . 20°C; log
KOW: 4,50.
: ,
. ,
,
, , ,
,
.
, . ,

.
: 1 2
, 50 . ,
. ,
, , .
.
: ,
( ),
, , . ,
, ,
. ,
, .
.
, ,
. , , ,
, LC50 21,4 ­ 56,9 /.
1.5.5.14

: 6,7,8,9,10,10--1,5,5a,6,9,9a--6,9--2,4,3--
-3- (C9H6Cl6O3S).
CAS: 115-29-7.
: : 320 / 25°C; : 0,17 x 10-4 . . 25°C; log
KOW: 2,23-3,62.
: 1954 .
,
(, , , , , );
16


, 100 .
, .
94% : - -.
:
50 .
­ - - 35
150 .
, .
. 50%
3-7 .
: (Mallards:
LD50 31 - 243 /) (
96 LC50 1,5 /). ,
( LD50 = 18 - 160 /, - 78 - 359 /).
, -, 4-5
, . , - -.
.
1.6 -
1.6.1 -
7% .
­ 30% , . III
.

­ ,
.
; «» .

.
,
, .
,
, .
: ,
,
.
, «» ,
, ,
(, Natura 2002).
1.6.2

: ,
, .
, (,
), , .
.
III :
1) ­ ,
;
2) ­ , ;
3) ­
, .
, :
, (.. ,
17


).
-
, 45°
.. ( , ,
).
,
.
1.6.3
1.6.3.1
.
3100 3 ,
8% . 70 ,
10000 2. , , ,
, :
14, 29 48 . 31
50000 2 .
, , , , , ,
, ( 1.1). ,
, , 16 . ,
, ­ , , . , 50000
2, ( ).

1.1:

[3/]
[]
230
3
530
205
2
850
52
2
270
38
1
870
148 740
129
1
810
79
75
-
2
540
31
1
050
18
1
360
1.6.3.2
500000 0,001 2 (1 ); 80-
90% 0,01-0,1 2, 16000
1 2. , , ,
.
400 2 , , -
, ­ (, )
( 1.2).

1.2:
1.6.3.2.1.1






[2]
[]

[]

17670
51 258

9670
30
120

5670
27 106

, 3570
23
47

1912
39 128

1285
7 24

1147 12
82

1140
13 61

1124
3 10

1120
4 20
18



1.6.4
1.6.4.1
415266 2, .
.
, 500
(HELCOM, 2001).
­
.
. 25-30 .
­ ;
.
85 (15
10- ). , 500
./2 , , 10 ./2
. , (60-70%)
. 65 90% ,
, , .
­
.
1.6.4.2 ­ -
­ .
,
, ,
. ­
,
. ,
.
, .
,
, .
,
.
,
, .

(,
), .
1.6.4.3
(Bakan, Büyükgüngör, 2000).
4,2·105 2, - 1240 (Fillman et al., 2002).
,
. -
(, ). ,
, (
1,6 , 36 31 ), .
,
20 . , .
,
,
21 (EEA, 1995).
171 , 81 .
, 30
19


- 17
.
1.6.4.4
­ , .
: , , , .
371000 2. , 28
.
, (Kajiwara et
al., 2002).
1.7
­ .
,
,
. , ,
, ,
.
1990 680 , .. 12,8 %
.
( 1.3), (
); 7
5% , -, 2025 4%.
2025 966,8 (Europe`s Environment, EEA, 1995).

Table 1.3: (1960-1990) (2020) (Europe`s
Environment, EEA, 1995)
1960 1990
2020

7 048
7 712
8 248

8 056
10 259


9 119
9 967
10 535

7 867
8 991
8 842
( )
13 654
15 662
16 549

4 581
5 140
5 279

1 216
1 583
1 656

4 430
4 982
5 228

72 674
79 365
74 964

9 984
10 553
10 459

2 832
3 503
3 309

2 129
2 687
2 743

2 779
3 731
4 101
315
382
410

2 885
4 362


11 487
14 952
17 410

3 581
4 246
4 862

29 561
38 180
43 322

18 407
23 207
25 901

117 534
148 041


214 335
281 344
307 635
( )

7 480
8 566
9 467

5 362
6 712
7 538

41 869
51 839


52 373
57 411
62 080


.
. 1989
, .
20


,
. , ,
­ ,
.
1.8
Alcock, R. E., Sweetman, A. J., Jones, K. C. (2001): A congener specific PCDD/F emissions inventory for the UK: do current estimates account for the
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their presence in the environment prior to 1900. Environ. Sci. Technol.,32, 1580-1587.
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Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological Profile for Toxaphene. U.S. Public Health Service, U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, Altanta, GA. 1990.
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lindane and hexachlorbenzene in Europe. TNO-Report 89-036. Apeldoorn, Netherlands.
Eduljee, G. H., Dyke, P. (1996). An updated inventory of potential PCDD and PCDF emission sources in the UK. Sci Tot Environ, 177, 303-321.
EEA (1995): Europe´s Environment. D. Stanners, P. Bourdeau. The Dobris Assessment. Copenhagen, 712 pp.
Environment Agency 1997. A review of Dioxin releases to land and water within the UK. Environment Agency R&D Publication 3.
Estonian Environmental Monitoring 1996 (1998): (Ed. O. Roots and R. Talkop) Ministry of the Environment of Estonia, Estonian Environment
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Energy, 122p.
European Dioxin Inventory. http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/environment/dioxin/stage1/overview.pdf
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Fedorov, L. A. ( ): POPs in the former Soviet Union. Environ Poll 105, 283-287.
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from the Black Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 122-133.
HELCOM (2001): Fourth Periodic Assessment of the State of the Environment of the Baltic Marine Area, 1994-1998. Baltic Sea Environment
Proceedings No. 82.
HELCOM (2001): The pesticides selected for immediate priority action. A compilation and evaluation of the information given by the Contracting
Parties with the focus on use and legislation. Submitted by the Co-ordinator of the Project Team on Hazardous Substances Christine Füll (October 2001).
http://www.helcom.fi/a/hazardous/Final_Pesticide_Report.PDF
HELCOM (2001): Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). A compilation of information, derived from HELCOM Recommendations, EU-Directives, UN-
21


ECE-LRTAP, UNEP and OSPAR, and analysis of appropriate measures aiming at safe handling and reduction of releases of PCB from PCB-containing
equipment in use. Submitted by the Co-ordinator of the HELCOM Project Team on Hazardous Substances Christine Füll (May 2001).
http://www.helcom.fi/a/hazardous/PCB_Guidance_on_Measures.PDF
HELCOM (2001): Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB). A compilation and evaluation of the information given by the Contracting Parties with the focus on
legislative situation, current uses, stockpiles and releases. Working Document. Update: July 2001. Submitted by the Co-ordinator of the Project Team on
Hazardous Substances Christine Füll. http://www.helcom.fi/a/hazardous/PCB_CP_answers_working.PDF
HELCOM (2001): The Implementation of the 1988 Ministerial Declaration on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area with
regard to Hazardous Substances. A final overall conclusion including the new goals. Submitted by the Co-ordinator of the HELCOM Project Team on
Hazardous Substances Christine Füll (May 2001). http://www.helcom.fi/a/hazardous/MD_50_New_Conclusion_Report.PDF
HELCOM (2001): The specific conditions in the Baltic Sea Region to be taken into account when selecting and prioritising hazardous substances for
priority action. Submitted by Finland and WWF (March 2001). http://www.helcom.fi/a/hazardous/Specific_Conditions1.PDF
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Substances (March 2002). http://www.helcom.fi/a/hazardous/downstream_user_update_March_02.PDF
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HELCOM (2002): Guidance document on Dioxins, presented by Finland (June 2002). http://www.helcom.fi/land/Hazardous/dioxins.pdf
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http://www.helcom.fi/land/Hazardous/sccp.pdf
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http://www.helcom.fi/land/Hazardous/npnpe.pdf
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International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). 1984. Chlordane. Environmental Health Criteria 34
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). 1984. Mirex. Environmental Health Criteria 44
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). 1984. Heptachlor. Environmental Health Criteria 38.
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). 1989. DDT and its derivatives. Environmental Health Criteria 93.
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). 1987. Pentachlorophenol. Environmental Health Criteria 71.
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). 1989. Aldrin and Dieldrin. Environmental Health Criteria 91.
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). 1991. Lindane. Environmental Health Criteria 124.
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). 1992. Endrin. Environmental Health Criteria 130.
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). 1993. Polychlorinated biphenyls and terphenyls. Environmental Health Criteria 140.
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). 1994. Polybrominated biphenyls. Environmental Health Criteria 154.
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). 1996. Chlorinated paraffins. Environmental Health Criteria 181.
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22


Peters et al., 1998 Organohalogen Compounds, pp. 439-442, 1998.
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UNEP Chemicals 1999. Dioxin and Furan inventories ­ National and Regional Emissions of PCDD/Fs
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Porch, J., Krueger, H. (2001): Decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO): A toxicity test to determine the effects of the test substance on seedling emergence
of six species of plants. Final Report. Project Number: 439-101. Wildlife International, LTD., Easton, MD.

1.9
()
.
, ,
.

. (,
),
() (
, ).

.
, ,
.

.
,
.

­ - ,
,

.
1.10
1.10.1
-
, , (Holoubek et al., 1993).

,
(), ( ),
(), , -
, ,
23


().
1.10.2
, ,
.
. ,
,
.

, ,
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. , , ,

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.
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.
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,
, , , , ,
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500000 (Poznan, 2001).
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.

24


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.
;
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.

. , , , UNIDO,
. 2.1,
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000



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24
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1995

700

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)



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350-400


, ,

25




: ,







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15000




96/59/EC
,
.
2.5.
1.11
1.11.1
­ , 1950
70-.
.
.
- .
.
1.11.2
(, 1979).
, .
,
( , , ,
).

, - .
,
, .
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, .
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.




,
. 1991
Enichem Synthesis (), Hindustan Insecticides () P.T Montrose
Pesticido Nusantara (). ,
. , 1971-81 .
68800 /. 1950-70 .
20000 /.

( 1989).
(150 )
(HELCOM, 1998).
26


1.11.4
, .

,
( ). .
.
- .
( 1989). .
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(Environment
Agency, 2001).
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­ , 1950 .
( , , ,
). , . 50-
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, ­ . Shell
1982 ; ( 1984).
.
(0,078 )

(Environment Agency, 2001).
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.
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27


. ,
, , ,
.

(,
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(Bailey 2001). ,
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460 ( ),
542000 , .

(1995). 8200 .
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50- .
-
(Solenopsis saevissima richteri).
, , ,
- .
, 70-
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.
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( ) 670 ,
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, .
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.
,
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1984 2000 .
.
.
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,
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,
. 96/59/EC

-
28


.

(1995; 1998). 74 .
, .
.
, 35-50% 1%
(Falandysz, Szymczyk, 2001).
, , 17500 , ..
3500-5000 , 3000 8000-9500
, , ,
, , .
,
.
1.13
1.13.1
()
.
a ,
.. ,
, ,
. , ,
, ,
.

(
) ,
(, UNEP 1999; Eduljee and Dyke, 1996; Duarte-Davidson et al., 1997; Alcock et al.,
1998; EU, 2000).
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, , ,
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(Holoubek et al., 2000; Falandysz et al., 1997). ,
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), ,

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1500-12000 I-TEQ/ (Environment Agency, 1997), ..
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, .
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. , ,
29


, ,

.
, , -, ,
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(, Kjeller et al., 1991; Alcock et al ., 1998; Silk et al., 1997),
. ,
, ,
, XIX (Alcock et al., 1998).
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()
« » XX .
. ,
.
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(1995; 1998). 7 .
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, , , (EU-DGXI 1994; Environment Agency,
1997). 4-30 ( ,
).


(1998),
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,

.
1.14 ,
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.
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.
. -
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. 10 ,
, 1999 (97%, 8290 )
. 1999
210 . - - BDE 209. 1999
54800 . (Renner, 2000),
(44%), 14%. -
, ,
, , . -
- (10-12%), - (44-46%), - (33-35%) (10-11%) .

.
, ,
30


. -
, , ,
.
PBCE-47
(Alcock et al., 2002). , 13,8 ,
, , ,
.
.
1.14.2 (-)
, , .
1970-79 . 13% ,
1991-96 . 5% (BREIVIK ET AL. ,1999).
(
) (
, , , ).
- 1970
1996 . . (J. Pacyna) . (1999 .).
- (1970-96 .) 3,5 . -
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(1999).
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. : 1) Hg0 ­
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; 3) (RGM), ,
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31


: ,
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,
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(INPUT). OSPAR
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, , , , ,
, 68 . (OSPAR, 2000).
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.
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,
, 30­80% / (WHO, 1987).
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482 , (89%)
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), 1999). , 14
(HELCOM, 1998) 10 (Environment Agency, 2001).
32


1.14.6
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(,
, 16 ).
. ,

.
, 90% ,
. , 90%
(Howsam and Jones, 1998). ,
( , , )
(, ).
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.
,
.
­
(Howsam and Jones ) 1998 .
2.2.
2.2: (OSPAR, 2001)





NOSE4





110.03
X
XX



201
XX
XX
202.03
X X

202.04
X
X
202.05
XX



105.16 (
XX X
)



101.07 ( , ,
X XX
)



(


)
101 () X
XX
104.07/ , ,
XX
105.07 ( )
104.09/ ,
XX
105.09
104.12
(X) XX
( )
105.01.21/
X XX
107.04.06 (,
)
105.12.01 ( )
X
X
105.12.03
(X)
(X)
105.12.08
X
XX
105.12.11 (X)
(X)

33
4
NOSE EUROSTAT `Proposal for NOSE amendments', . 1999.






NOSE4

105.12.21/ XX
XX
15.12.22
105.12.41/ X
XX
105.12.42
105.12.91
X
X
105.13.05 X
XX
106
XX5 (X)
( )



109.02
X
XX
109.03 ( ) X
XX
109.04
(X) (X)
( )
109.05

(X)
109.06 ( )
(X)







(X)



(X)


XX , X , (X) ­ « ,
».
Norwegian Pollution Control Authorities ( ), 1997.

( ,
) ,
,
. , ,

.
,
­ , , ,
.

(EMEP 1995; EMEP 1998; OSPAR 2001).
385 . - (2001
.) , , , , , , .
.
1.14.7 ()
-
( C10-13, C14-17 C18-30)
(40 - 70 .%).
30- . 200
- , ­
, (C14-17),
( ), ( ),
( ) ( ).
1985 300000 (WHO,
1996). , ,
.
,
, , .
, .
, ,

34



. 4 %
C10-13, 84% - C14-17 12% - C20-30 (Euro Chlor, 1996).

1999 , C10-13, ,
1996 ,
. ( 1992-93 . -.)
, 1994 -,
15000 /. 2001 3000 /.
: , ,
, , , .
2.3 (Euro-Chlor, 1995 European Commission, 2000 .)

2.3: 1994 .






[/]

9380
71,02%

1310
9,91%

1150
8,71%

695
5,26%

390
2,95%

183
1,40%

100
0,75%

13208
100%

( ) 2001 2700 /. 2.3
-, 2002.

2.3a: 2001 .






[/]

457
16,87%

975 35,97%

358
13,22%

324
11,95%

0
0,00%

594
21,91%

2709
100,00%
2.3,
(
). , -
, , , , ,
, . 2001
(. 2.3).

()
. -
, (2002/45/EC),
.

, .
,
, ,
.
. ,
,
35


. , 50% ,
, 14 17 45 52%.

, ,
. ,
, , ,
.
, .
.
( ); ,
; .
393,9 / 1784 / .
( ).
,
, . 2001
, .
, ,
, :
· ( 1-10%);
.
.
· ; ,
, .
; 1-10%.
· , ,
.
( 20 ) .
· , .
2001 .
·
, ,
..
, ,
, , -
, .
- , , ,
,
, .
,
() () (CSTEE 1998; OSPAR, 2001).
, , 9 / ( ).
, , ,
, .
. ,
74 (OSPAR 2000).
1.14.8
( ),
80-9 D, 1985 . ,
80- ( 0102).
,
.
36


1.15
· ,
.
, , ,
.
,
20 .
- ,
.
·
, -
. ,
, -, 80000 .
· , (,
),
,
.
,
20 .
· ,
.
· , ,
,
:
-
-
-
-
-
- .

1.16
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1989): Toxicological profile for alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-hexachlorocyclohexane. Atlanta,
GA, US Public Health Service.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (1990): Toxicological Profile for Toxaphene. U.S. Public Health Service, U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services, Altanta, GA.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1989): Toxicological profile for chlordane. Atlanta, GA, US Public Health Service.
Alcock, R. E., Sweetman, A. J., Jones, K. C. (2001): A congener specific PCDD/F emissions inventory for the UK: do current estimates account for the
measured atmospheric burden? Chemosphere 43, 183-194.
Alcock, R. E., Gemmil, R., Jones, K. C. (1999): Improvements to the UK PCDD/F and PCB atmospheric emission inventory following an emissions
measurement programme. Chemosphere 38, 759-770.
Alcock, R. E., McLachlan, M. S. Johnston, A. E. Jones, K. C. (1998): Further studies on environmental trends of PCDD/Fs in the UK and evidence for
their presence in the environment prior to 1900. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 1580-1587.
Anonymous (1999): Unpublished Draft Report of the risk assessment of alkanes, C 14-17, chloro. UK Draft in the framework of the EU existing
chemicals programme as of June 1999.
Axenfeld, F., Münch, J., Pacyna, J. M., Duiser, J. A., Veldt, C. (1989): Emissionsdatenbasis für die Spurenelemente As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Zn und für Spezielle
Organische Verbindungen g-HCH (Lindan), HCB, PCB und PAK. Umweltforschungsplan des Bundesministers für Umwelt Naturschutz und
Reaktorsicherheit. Luftreinhaltung. Forschungsbericht 104 02 588. Dornier, Juli 1989.
Bailey, R. E. (2001): Global hexachlorobenzene emissions. Chemosphere 43, 167-182.
Bailey, R. E. (1998): Global emissions of PAHs and PCDD/Fs from uncontrolled waste burning and accidental fires. Report to the CCC.
Berdowski, J. J. M., Baas, J., Bloos, J. P. J., Visschedijk, A. J. H., Zandveld, P. Y. J. (1997): The European Emission Inventory of Heavy Metals and
Persistent Organic Pollutants. Umweltforschungsplan des Bundesministers für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit. Luftreinhaltung.
Forschungsbericht 104 02 672/03. TNO, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands.
Breivik, K., Pacyna, J. M., Munch, J. (1999): Use of a-, - and -hexachlorocyclohexane in Europe 1970-1996. Sci. Tot. Environ. 151-163.
Bremle, G. (1997): Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a river ecosystem. PhD Thesis. Dept. Ecol., Chem. Ecol. and Ecotoxicol., Lund University,
Lund, Sweden.
Broker, G., Bruckman, P., Gliwa, H. (1999): Study of Dioxin Sources in North Rhine-Westphalia. Chemosphere, 38, 1913-1924.
37


Country Report on POPs ­ Current Situation in Latvia and Problems to be solved. (Roots ­Personal communication)

Danish Ministry of Environment and Energy (2000): Danish Cooperation for Environment in Eastern Europe, Estonian Ministry of Environment. 2000.
Assistance in Implementing of the Disposal of PCBs/PCTs Directive in Estonia. ­ Strategic Report.
Duiser, J. A., Veldt, C. (1989): Emissions into the atmosphere of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls,
lindane and hexachlorbenzene in Europe. TNO-Report 89-036. Apeldoorn, Netherlands.
Eduljee, G. H., Dyke, P. (1996): An updated inventory of potential PCDD and PCDF emission sources in the UK. Sci. Tot. Environ. 177, 303-321.
Environment Agency (1997): A review of Dioxin releases to land and water within the UK. Environment Agency R&D Publication 3.
European Dioxin Inventory. http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/environment/dioxin/stage1/overview.pdf
Euro Chlor (1999): Chlorinated Paraffins Sector Group. Personal communication (Email dated 18/08/99).
Fedorov, L. A. ( ): POPs in the former Soviet Union. Environ Poll 105, 283-287.
Falandysz, J., Florek, A., Stranddberg, L., Strandberg, B., Berqvist, P.-A., Rappe, C. (1997): PCDDs and PCDFs in Biota from the Southern part of the
Baltic Sea. Organohalogen Compounds 32, 167-171.
Falandysz, J., Szymczyk, K. (2001): Data on the manufacture, use, inventory and disposal of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Poland. Pol. J.
Environ. Stud. 10, 189-193.
Hobbs, S. J., Howe, P. D., Dobson, S. (1993): Environmental Hazard Assessment: Pentachlorophenol. UK Department of the Environment Report.
Holoubek, I. Kocan, A., Holoubkova, I., Kohoutek, J., Falandysz, J., Roots, O., Hilscherova, K. (2000): Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic Chemicals
in Central and Eastern European Countries - State-of-the-art Report. TOCOEN REPORT No. 150b, http://recetox.muni.cz/
Holoubek, I., Kohoutek, J., Machalek, P., Dvorakova, I., Bretschneider, B., Mitera, J., Bures, V., Fara, M. (2000): The emission inventory of POPs
(PAHs, PCBs, PCDDs/Fs, HCB) in the Czech Republic. Organohalogen Compounds 46, 51-55.
Holoubek, I., Kohoutek, J., Machalek, P. (2001): The emission inventory of PAHs, PCBs, PCDDs/Fs and HCB in the Czech Republic. Joint EMEP
Workshop on Emissions and emission factor estimates and TFEIP combustion and industry expert panel. 21-23/11/2001, Moscow, Russia.
Holoubek, I, Shatalov, V Dutchak, S. (2001): Hexachlorocyclohexanes in the Central and Eastern European Countries in the comparison with other part
of the world-the results from European measurements and modelling programmes TOCOEN REPORT No. 179, http://recetox.muni.cz/
Howsam, M., Jones, K. C. (1998): Sources of PAHs in the Environment. Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Volume 3. Springer-Verlag.
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) (1984): Chlordane. Environmental Health Criteria 34
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) (1984): Mirex. Environmental Health Criteria 44
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) (1984): Heptachlor. Environmental Health Criteria 38.
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) (1989): DDT and its derivatives. Environmental Health Criteria 93.
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) (1987): Pentachlorophenol. Environmental Health Criteria 71.
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) (1989): Aldrin and Dieldrin. Environmental Health Criteria 91.
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) (1991): Lindane. Environmental Health Criteria 124.
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) (1992): Endrin. Environmental Health Criteria 130.
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) (1993): Polychlorinated biphenyls and terphenyls. Environmental Health Criteria 140.
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) (1994): Polybrominated biphenyls. Environmental Health Criteria 154.
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) (1996): Chlorinated paraffins. Environmental Health Criteria 181.
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Moscow, Russia. + Unpublished data.
Li, Y.-F. (1999): Global technical hexachlorocyclohexane usage and its contamination consequences in the Environment: From 1948 to 1997. Sci. Total
Environ. 232 (3), 121-158.
NETCEN1999.UK emissions of air pollutant, http://www.aeat.co.uk/netcen/airqual/naei/annreport/annrep99
OSPAR 2000. OSPAR Background Document on Organic Tin Compounds.
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Pollutants (POPs) in the Baltic Region (Popcycling-Baltic project) Contract No. ENV4-CT96-0214. CD-Rom.
Peters et al., 1998 Organohalogen Compounds, pp. 439-442, 1998.
Poremski, H.-J., Wiandt, S., Knacker. T. (1999): Chlorinated Paraffins - a further POP to consider?
Quass, U., Fermann, M., Broker, G. (1995): Quantification of relevant industrial sources of dioxins and furans. North Rhine Westphalia State
Environment Agency Interim Report.
RIVO (The Netherlands Institute for Fisheries Research) 2000. Workshop on PBDEs ­ Global Distribution of PBDEs. Proceedings of a Workshop, June
200, Ijmuiden, The Netherlands.
TemaNord (2000): Assessment of the Sources, Atmospheric Fluxes, Environmental Cycling, Effects and Sinks of Persistent Organic Compounds.
Proceeding of and Internationla Workshop April 1998.
Tsibulsky, V. (2001): MSC-E contribution to the HM and POP emission inventories. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission inventories and emission
expert estimates EMEP MSC East, Moscow, Russia, Technical Note 7/2001, June 2001.
UNEP Chemicals (1999): Dioxin and Furan inventories ­ National and Regional Emissions of PCDD/Fs.

Vieth, B., Albrecht, M., Bruns-Weller, E., Fürts, P., Heinrich-Hirsh, B., Knoll, A., Link, B., Malisch, R., Mayer, R., Piechotowski, I., Mathar, I. (2002):
Contamination of feeding stuff ­ possible association with increase of PCDDs/Fs concentration in human samples? Organohalogen Comp.57,65-68.
Wild, S. R., Jones K. C. (1995): Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the UK environment: A preliminary source inventory and budget. Environ
Pollution, 88, 91-108.
Wormgoor, J.W. (1995): Sources of dioxin emissions into the air in Western Europe. TNO-Report.
38


,

1.17
1.17.1
.

. ,
III.
1.17.2
1.17.2.1
.
,
, .
()
EMEP 1999 . 1995
, .
.
M,
, , , , , (MEDPOP).
(. 3.1-3.2).
,
(. 3.1).

3.1: , .








. ()
BE0004R

51o21' .. 3o20' ..
0
CZ0003R
49o35' .. 15o05' ..
534
IS0091R

63o24' .. 20o17' ..
118
IE0002R

53o02' .. 6o24' ..
420
NL0009R

53o20' .. 6o17' ..
0

NO0042G
,
78o54' .. 11o53' ..
474

NO0099R

58o06' .. 6o34' ..
13

3.2: , (1999 .)








CZ0003R
, , , , 24


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NO0042G , , , , 48

GC-MS





NO0099R
-, -,
48

GC-MS

GC-MS: -
39


$
NO42
$ FI96
SE97
$ SE2
$
$
DE9
NO99
CZ3
IS91
$ $
DE1
$
Augsburg
Hazelrig $
g
$
Lancaster
air
precipitation
soil
vegetation

3.1: ,
.
3.3: , (1999 .)








CZ0003R
, , , , 24


GC-MS


IS0091R , 15




NO0042G , , , , 48

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NO0099R
-, -,
48

GC-MS

GC-MS: -

3.2 3.3 - - 6 .
-
, . , ,
(EMEP, 2000; Breivik et al., 1999).


100
140
90

120
)
80
3
)
CZ3
CZ3

70
/
m
100
g
60
FI96
FI96
80

IS91
IS91
50
NO42
60
NO42
-HCH (pg/m3 40
NO99
a
-HCH (p
NO99
30
m
l
pha
SE2
40
SE2
a 20
a
m
g
20
10

0
0

1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999


. 3.2: . . 3.3: .
- 1992-1999 . - 1992-1999.

(a) ( ) .
,
CZ03 (. 3.4). ,
, , .

. 3.4: (a) + EMEP (1999.)

1
CZ3
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3 /,


0.01
0.001
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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12


40


1.17.2.2
1.17.2.2.1
- (
3.4) (Buckley-Golder et al., 1999).
3.4 ,
1 I-TEQ/3 I-TEQ/3. 14800 I­TEQ/3
. , (~150 )
.

3.4: ( TEQ/3)
[ TEQ/(2 )] -











1,3-587





86-129 70-125
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54-77
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. . 3.5
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.

-
100
A
80
B
60
I-

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Q/
³ 40
20
0 W W S9
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Su
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93
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4 Su
94 Su
94
94
4
4
94
94
5
5
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95
5
5
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95
95
95
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/9
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4
4
5
5
6
6

. 3.5: .
,
(n=223)
1.17.2.2.2
( ­
) 1981 (Oehme and Manø, 1984). (1987)
(Bidleman)
. 337
(Agrell) (2001)
.
(; Haugen et al., 1998 )
(; Brorström-Lundén, 1995; 1996).
1.17.2.3
( )
, ( )
1979
41


(Peters et al., 1999).

60- 70- (.
3.6).

. 3.6: , (/3,
) (/),
.

- (PHARE)
U/93/AIR/22 « .
» ,
, , , 24- , 1996­
97 . (8 20 , , ,
).
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al.,1994). ,

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42


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, (Sandell et al., 1999; Tuominen, 1990), , ,
(Wauters and Lenelle, 1999).
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1.17.3
Agrell, C., Larsson, P., Okla, L., Bremle, G., Johansson, N., Klavins, M., Roots, O., Zelechowska, A.: Atmospheric and river input of PCBs, DDTs and
HCHs to the Baltic Sea. A Systems analysis of the Baltic Sea (Ed. by F.Wulff, L. Rahm and P. Larsson), Ecological studies v. 148, Springer Verlag,
2001, pp. 149 ­ 175.
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further studies on their temporal trends. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 1580-1587.
Alcock, R. E., Gemmil, R., Jones, K. C. (1999): Improvements to the UK PCDD/F and PCB atmospheric emission inventory following an emissions
measurements programmes. Chemosphere 38, 759-770.
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Backe, C., Larsson, P., Okla, L. (2000): Polychlorinated biphenyls in the air of southern Sweden - spatial and temporal variation. Atmos. Environ. 34,
1481 ­ 1486.
Beck, E.-M. (1999): Ambient Air Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Germany. Fresenius Envir. Bull. 8, 602 ­ 608.
Bidleman et al. (1987
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons along a Transpect form urban to Remote Areas on the Swedish Baltic Coast. Environ. Sci. Technol., 25,
Brorstrm-Lunden, E. (1995): Measurements of semivolatile organic compounds in air and deposition. Ph.D. Thesis. Dept. Anal. Mar. Chem., Chalmers
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U.K. Air. Environ. Sci. Tech., 28,
Hiester, E. Bruckmann, P., Bohm, R., Eynck, P., Gerlach, A., Mulder, W., Ristow, H. (1997): Pronounced decrease of PCDDs/Fs burden in ambient air.
Chemosphere 34, 1231-1243.
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Chemicals in the Central and Eastern European Countries - State-of-the-Art Report. The 2nd version. TOCOEN REPORT No. 150a, May 2000.
RECETOX - TOCOEN & Associates, Brno, Czech Republic. Internet: http://recetox.chemi.muni.cz/.
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and temperature dependence. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 217-224.
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Johansson, N., Hanberg, A., Bergek, S., Tysklind, M. (2001): PCBs in sealants is influencing the levels in indor air, D2001
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Tech. 29,
Kaupp, H., Dörr, G., Hippelein, M., McLachlan, M. S., Hutzinger, O. (1996): Baseline contamination assessment for a new resource recovery facility in
Germany. Part IV: Atmospheric concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls and hexachlorobenzene. Chemosphere 32, 2029-2042.
Kocan, A., Petrik, J., Jursa, S., Chovancova, J., Drobna, B. (2001): Environmental contamination with polychlorinated biphenyls in the area of their
manufacture in Slovakia, Chemosphere 43, p. 595-600.
Kocan A. (2001): Country report on POPs: current situation in the Slovak Republic and problems to be solved. In: ICS proceedings of POPs and
Pesticides Contamination Remediation Technologies and Clean Technologies for the Reduction and Elimination of POPs, ICS-UNIDO, Trieste, Italy, p.
291-302.
König, J., Theisen, J., Günther, W.J., Liebl, K. H., Büchen, M. (1993): Ambient air levels of polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzo(p)dioxins at
different sites in Hessen. Chemosphere, 26, 851 ­ 861.
Larsson, P., Okla, L. (1989): Atmospheric transport of chlorinated hydrocarbons to Sweden in 1985 compared to 1973. Atmos. Environ. 23, 1699-1711.
Lee, R. G. et al. (1998): Measurement and modelling of the diurnal cycling of PCBs and PAHs. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 2172-2179.
Lee, R. G., Jones, K. C. (1999a): Gas-particle partitioning of atmospheric PCDD/Fs: measurements and observations on modelling. Environ. Sci.
Technol., 33, 3596-3604.
Lee, R. G., Jones, K. C. (1999b): The influence of meteorology and air masses on daily atmospheric PCB and Pad concentrations at a UK location..
Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 705-712.
Lee, R. G. M., Thomas, G. O., Jones, K. C. (2002a): Polychlorinated naphthalenes and DLPCBs ­ atmospheric concentrations of PCNs at two UK sites.
Organohalogen Compounds 58, 101-104.
Lee, R. G. M., Thomas, G. O., Jones, K. C. (2002b): Atmospheric concentrations of PBDEs in Western Europe, Organohalogen Compounds 58, 193-196.
Liem, A. K., Furst, P., Rappe, C. (2000): Exposure of populations to dioxins and related compounds. Food Additive Contam. 17, 241-259.
Lohmann, R., Jones, K. C. (1998): Dioxins and furans in air and deposition: A review of levels, behaviour and processes. Sci. Total Environ. 219, 53 ­
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Lohman et al., (2000): A comparative study of gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PAHs. Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 4943-4951.
Moche W., Thanner G.: Ambient air concentrations of dioxins in Austrian Conurbations.
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Oehme, M., Manø, S. 1984
Oehme, M., Haugen, J., Schlabach, M. (1994): Ambient air levels of persistent organochlorines in spring 1992 at Spitzbergen and the Norwegian
Mainland. Comparison with 1984. Results and Quality control measures. Sci. Total Environ.
Peters, A. J., Coleman, P., Jones, K. C. (1999): Organochlorine Pesticides in UK Air. Organohalogen Compounds 41, 447-451.
Popp, P., Brüggemann, L., Keil, P., Thuss, U., Weiss, H. (2000): Chlorobenzenes and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in the atmosphere of Bitterfeld
and Leipzig (Germany). Chemosphere 41, 849-855.
Phare (1997): Project EU/93/AIR/22 Local Studies of Air Quality in the Cities of Bratislava and Kosice National Needs Assessment of Air Pollution.
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Vienna: Identification and Comparison. Sci. Total Environ. 236, 231 ­ 236.
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Centre (EEIC). Tallinn, Estonia, 144 pp.
Sandell, E., Kiviranta, A., Tuominen, J., Aatnio, P. (1999): Concentration Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Ambient Air in
Finland. Fresenius Envir. Bull. 8, 567 - 575.
Smith, D. J. T. (1999): Concentrations, trends and profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the UK atmosphere. Fresenius Envir. Bull, 8, 557-566.
Stenhouse, I., Moncur, J., Kocan, A., Violova, A. (1998): Dioxin levels in the ambient air in Slovakia, Organohalogen Compounds 39, 77-80.
Tuominen 1990
Vana, M., Pacl, A., Pekarek, J., Smitka, M., Holoubek, I., Honzak, J., Hruska, J. (1997): Quality of the natural environment in the Czech Republic at the
regional level. Results of the Kosetice Observatory. CHI Prague, 102 pp.
Vana, M., Holoubek, I., Pacl, A., Pekarek, J., Smrckova, V., Machalek, P., Helesic, J., Seda, Z., Adamec, V., Janouch, M., Honzak, J., Ansorgova, A.,
Kohoutek, J., Holoubkova, I., Shatalov, V., Dutchak, S., Fottova, D., Hruska, J., Hofman, J., Andel, P. (2001): Quality of the Natural Environment in
the Czech Republic at the Regional Level. Results of the Kosetice Observatory. CHMI Praha, 189 p., ISBN 80-85813-88-2.
Wauters, E., Lenelle, I. (1999): PAH measurements in Belgium: Experience and concentration levels. Fresenius Environ. Bull. 8, 629-637.

1.17.4
1.17.4.1
, ,
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45


1.17.4.4
Agrell, C., Larsson, P., Okla, L., Bremle, G., Johansson, N., Klavins, M., Roots, O., Zelechowska, A.: Atmospheric and river input of PCBs, DDTs and
HCHs to the Baltic Sea. A Systems analysis of the Baltic Sea (Ed. by F.Wulff, L. Rahm and P. Larsson), Ecological studies v. 148, Springer Verlag,
2001, pp. 149 ­ 175.
Backe, C., Larsson, P., Agrell, C. (2002): Spatial and temporal variation of PCBs in precipitation in southern Sweden. Sci. Total Environ. 285, 117-132.
Brorstrm-Lunden, E. (1995): Measurements of semivolatile orgaganic compounds in air and deposition. Ph.D. Thesis. Dept. Anal. Mar. Chem.,
Chalmers University of Technology, Gteborg, Sweden.
EMEP (1998): EMEP Expert Meeting on Measurements of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Air and Precipitation. Lillehamer, Norway, 11-14
November 1997. Proceedings ed. By A. Lukewille, NILU, EMEP/CCC-Report 8/98.
Georgii, H. W., Schmitt, G. (1983): Precipitation scavenging, dry deposition, resuspension. In: Pruppachern H. R., Semonin, R. G., Slinn, W. G. N.
(Eds.), Proc. Int. Conf., Vol. 1. Elsevier, New York, pp. 395-402.
Gevao, B., Hamilton-Taylor, J., Jones, K. C. (1998): PCB and PAH deposition to and exchange at the air-water interface of Estwite Water, a small lake in
Cumbria, UK. Environ. Pollution, 102, 63 ­ 75.
Halsall, C. J., Coleman, P. J., Jones, K. C. (1995): Atmospheric deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in two UK cities. Chemosphere, 35, 1919 ­ 1931
Kiss, G., Gelencser, A., Krivacsy, Z., Hlavay, J. (1997): Occurrence and determination of organic pollutants in aerosol, precipitation, and sediment
samples collected at Lake Balaton. J. Chromatogr. A774, 349-361.
Kiss, G., Varga-Puchony, Z., Tolnai, B., Varga, B., Gelensér, A., Krivascy, Z., Hlavay, J. (2001): The seasonal changes in the concentrations of PAHs in
precipitation and aerosol near Lake Balaton, Hungary. Environ. Pollut. 114, 55-61.
Larsson, P., Okla, L. (1989): Atmospheric transport of chlorinated hydrocarbons to Sweden in 1985 compared to 1973. Atmos. Environ. 23, 1699-1711.
Levsen, K., Behnert, S., Winkeler, H. D. (1991): Organic compounds in precipitation. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 340, 665-671.
Leuenberger, C., Czuczwa, J., Heyerdahl, E., Giger, W. (1988): Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban rain, snow and fog. Atmos.
Environ. 22, 695-701.
McLachlan, M. Untersuchung der atmosphärischen belastung, des weiträumiges transports und des verbleibs von PCDD/F und coplanaren biphenylen in
ausgewählten gebieten Deutschlands. Schlussbericht, Universität Bayreuth.
Milukaite, A. (1998): Flux of Benzo(a)pyrene to the ground surface and its distribution in the ecosystem. Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 105, 471-480.
Milukaite, A., Mikelinskiene, A. (Lithuania) (1998): The influence of meteorological and physico-chemical factors on benzo(a)pyrene washout from the
atmosphere. Proceedings of EUROTRAC Symposium ´98.
Quaghebeur, D., De Wulf, E., Ravelingien, M. C., Janssens, G. (1983): Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rainwater. Sci. Total Environ. 32, 35-54.
Roots O. (1996): Toxic chloroorganic compounds in the ecosystem of the Baltic Sea. Ministry of the Environment of Estonia. Environment Information
Centre (EEIC). Tallinn, Estonia, 144 pp.
Simkova, I., Votava, J., Laibrtova, J. (1996): Concentration of PAHs in rain water in the Prachatice. Hygiena 41, 139-146.
Vana M., Pacl A., Pekarek J., Smitka M., Holoubek I., Honzak J., Hruska J. (1997): Quality of the natural environment in the Czech Republic at the
regional level. Results of the Kosetice Observatory. CHI Prague, 102 pp.
Vana, M., Holoubek, I., Pacl, A., Pekarek, J., Smrckova, V., Machalek, P., Helesic, J., Seda, Z., Adamec, V., Janouch, M., Honzak, J., Ansorgova, A.,
Kohoutek, J., Holoubkova, I., Shatalov, V., Dutchak, S., Fottova, D., Hruska, J., Hofman, J., Andel, P. (2001): Quality of the Natural Environment in
the Czech Republic at the Regional Level. Results of the Kosetice Observatory. CHMI Praha, 189 p., ISBN 80-85813-88-2.
Van Lieshout, L-. Desmedt, M., Roekens, E., De Fre, R., Van Cleuvenbergen R., Wevers, M. (2001): Deposition of dioxins in Flanders (Belgium) and a
proposition for guide values. Atmos. Environ. 35, 83-90.
Van Noort, P. C. M., Wondergem, E. (1985): Scavenging of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by rain. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 1044-1048.
1.17.5
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Carrera, G., Fernández, P., Vilanova, R. M., Grimalt, J. (2001): Persistent organic pollutants in snow from European high mountain areas. Atmos.
Environ. 35, 245 - 254.

1.17.6
1.17.6.1

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.
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1.17.6.3.10
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59


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20

64


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1.17.8 ( )
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1.17.8.6
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1.17.9

III ,
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1.18.5.1
Barnett, J. B., Rodgers, K. E. (1994): Pesticides, in ,,Immunotoxicology and Immunopharmacology", 2nd Ed., (eds. Dean J.H. et al.), Raven Press Ltd.,
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79


1.18.6

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1.18.7
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consuming fish with organochlorine contaminants, Organohalogen compounds, 13, 175-178.
Thomas, K. B., Colborn, T. (1992): Organochlorine endocrine disrupters in human tissue, in ,,Chemically-induced alterations in sexual and functional
development: the wildlife/human connection", eds. Colborn T. and Clement C., Princeton, New Jersey, pp.365-394.
Toppari, J., Larsen, J. C., Christiansen, P., Giwercman, A., Grendjean, P., Guilleette, L. J., Jegou, B., Jensen, T. K., Jouannet, P., Kieding, N., Leffers, H.,
McLachlan, J. A., Meyer, O., Muller, J., Rajpert-De Meyts, E., Scheike, T., Sharpe, R., Sumpter, J., Skakkebaek, N. E. (1996): Male reproductive health
and environmental xenoestrogens, Environ. Health Perspect., 104, 741-803.
UN-ECE (1994): State of knowledge report of the UN-ECE task force on persistent organic pollutants for the UN-ECE Convention of LRTAP.
Weisglas-Kuperus, N., Sas, T. C. J., Koopman-Esseboom, C., van der Zwan, C. W., de Ridder, M. A. J., Keishuizen, A., Hooijkaas, H, Sauer, P. J. J.
(1995): Immunological effect of background prenatal and postnatal exposure to dioxins and PCBs in Dutch infants, Pediatr. Res., 36, 468-473.
WHO (1996): Persistent organic pollutants, WHO, Geneva.
Wolff, M. S., Toniolo, P. G., Lee, E. W., Rivera, M., Dubin, N. (1993): Blood levels of organochlorine residues and risk of breast cancer, J. Nat. Cancer
Inst., 85, 648-652.
1.20 III ­
1.20.1


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Holoubek et al., 2000
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400


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1996
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7
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24 M
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69
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Holoubek et al., 2000
92


N


-






68 M
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630



10 M
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380

( 6 ) Liem and Theelen 1997
246
M
1995-97
550
118-1810

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20 M
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1992-3
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( 6 ) Liem and Theelen 1997
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409

6
Liem and Theelen 1997
104 M
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273
102-606 20


10 M
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( 6 )
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1989-92
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Holoubek et al., 2000
158 M

0,02
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6
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160 20-780
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232
6


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1992
20 M
1992-3
129

( 6 Liem and Theelen 1997
)
23 M
1992-3
131

( 6 )
75 A
1990-91
788
242-1794
Duarte Davidson et al.,
1994
Liem and Theelen 1997 Dioxins: Chemical Exposure and Risk Assessment (PhD Thesis), /( ).

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112
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Liem and Theelen 1997
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13 M 1992-3 14

.

8 M 1992-3 20,8

20 M 1992-3 27,1

6 M 1992-3 26,6

9 M 1992-3 34,4

200 B 1999
48
44-54
Covaci et al., 2001


10 M 1992-3 12,1

Holoubek et al., 2000
13 M 1992-3 18,4
.

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48 M 1992-3 15,2
7

Liem and Theelen 1997
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?
M
1995
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Mussalo-Lindstom
1995
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Liem and Theelen 1997
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1995
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34


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20




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Holoubek et al., 2000
102 B 1989
40,8 11,6-93,6

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26
12-61
70 B 1993
21,7 10,3-49
134 B 1994
19,1 5,2-44
180 B 1996
15,6 16,5-70
10 M 1992-3 16,5

Liem and Theelen 1997
185
M
1990
27


Schecter et al., 1991
112
M
1992-3?
30
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Beck et al., 1994

20 M 1992-3 8,55

Holoubek et al., 2000
10 M 1992-3 7,8


10
M
1988
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Liem et al., 1995
104 M 1992-3 23,5 8,4-63,1 20

Liem and Theelen 1997
176 M 1992-3 30,2


10 M 1992-3 10,1

10 M 1992-3 9,3


12 M 1992-3 16,6

12 M 1992-3 14,4


23 M 1990
12


Schecter et al., 1991
1 M 1992-3 15,2

Liem and Theelen 1997
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45,5


1 B 1998 14,8

., 2002
11 B 1998
27,7

8 B 1998 24

15 B 2000
37,8

, 2001

10 M 1992-3 15,1

Liem and Theelen 1997
10 M 1992-3 12,6

30 B ?
20


Holoubek et al., 2000
2 B ?
75
Chemko

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20,8-23,8

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1995








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Liem and Theelen 1997
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)

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2

6,79 5,26-7,46
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3

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32-52
502 496-1
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.

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-


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158
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1992
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UK




1.20.5 ()
,
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.
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1.20.6
, ,
,
, ­ , , ( /
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.
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; , , ,
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90- , , ,
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,
. , , ,
20 .
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,
.
TEQ 20
, .
1.20.7
Covaci A., Hura C., Schepens P. (2001): Selected Persistent Organic Pollutants in Romania. Sci. Total Environ. 280, 143-152.
Craan, A.G., Haines, D.A. (1998): Twenty-Five Years of Surveillance for Contamination in Human Breast Milk. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.35,
702-710.
Czaja, K.; Ludwicki, J.K.; Góralczyk, K.; Struciski, P. (1997): Effect of Age and Number of Deliveries on Mean Concentration of Organochlorine
Compounds in Human Breast Milk in Poland. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 59, 407-413.
Czaja, K., Ludwicki J.K, Robson, M.G., Góralczyk, K., Struciski, P., Buckley, B. (2001): Concentration of Persistent Organochlorine Compounds in
the Placenta and Milk of the Same Women. in Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic Chemicals I ­ Fate and Exposure (Editors: Lipnick R.L., Hermens
J.L.M., Jones K.C. and Muir D.C.) ACS Symposium Series: 772; American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 284-291.
Dekoning, P., Karmaus, W. (2000): PCB Exposure in utero and via Breast Milk. A review. J. Exp. Anal. Environ. Epidem. 10, 285-293.
Frkovic, A., Zivcovi, A., Alebic-Jureti, A. (1996): Organochlorine Pesticide Residues and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Human Milk From Northern
Adriatic Region (Croatia). Fresenius Envir. Bull. 5, 474-481.
Hamm, S., Rumé, N., Luthardt, P., Wampach, J., Grümping, R. (2002): Levels of PCDD/PCDFs in Luxemburish food of animal origin and in mother´s
milk. Organohalogen Compounds 57, 229-232.
Holoubek I., (2000): Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) World-Wide Contaminated Sites TOCOEN REPORT No.
173,
http://www.recetox.muni.cz/reports/TR173/p2.htm
Holoubek I., Kocan A., Holoubkova I., Hilscherova K., Kohutek J., Falandysz J., Roots O. (2000a): Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic Chemicals in
Central and Eastern European Countries - State-of-the-art Report TOCOEN REPORT No. 150a http://www.recetox.muni.cz/PBTs/content.htm
Hosseinpour, J., Rottler, H., Joas, R., Potrykus, A., Schott, R. (2002): Dioxin-like PCL levels in feed and food from across the European Union.
Organohalogen Compounds 57, 77-79.
Kivaranta, H., Purkunen, R., Vartiainen, T. (1999): Levels and Trends of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in Human Milk in Finland. Chemosphere 38, 311-323.
Konishi, Y., Kuwabara, K., Hori, S. (2001): Continuous Surveillance of Organochlorine Compounds in Human Breast Milk from 1972 to 1998 in Osaka,
Japan. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 40, 571-578.
Larsen, B. R., Turrio-Baldassarri, L., Nilsson, T., Iacovella, N., Di Domenica, A., Montagna, A., Facchetti, (1994): Toxic PCB Congeners and
Organochlorine Pesticides in Italian Human Milk. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety. 28, 1-13.
Lindström, G., Enwall, M., Becher, G., Karlsson, M., van Bavel, B. (2002): Levels of PCDD, PCDF, non-ortho PCB and mono-ortho PCB in chicken,
98


butter, beef, human milk, salmon and cod liver from Northern Europe compared to the current EU limit values for these types of foods. Organohalogen
Compounds, 57, 89-92.
Lulek J., Polaska A., Szyrwiska K., Szafran B. (2002): Levels of Selected Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Human Milk from Wielkopolska Region in
Poland. Fresenius Environ. Bull. ­ in press
Norén, K., Meironyté, D. (2000): Certain Organochlorine and Organobromine Contaminants in Swedish Human Milk in Perspective of Past 20-30 Years.
Chemosphere 40, 1111-1123.
Schade, G., Heinzow, B., (1998): Organochlorine Pesticide and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Human Milk of Mothers Living in Northern Germany:
Current Extent Contamination, Time Trend from 1986 to 1997 and Factors that Influence the Level of Contamination. Sci. Total Environ. 215, 31-39.
Schmid, P., Gujer, E., Zennegg, M., Studer, C. (2002): Temporal and spatial trends of PCDD/F levels in cow´s milk in Switzerland. Organohalogen
Compounds, 56, 489-490.
Schoula R., Hajslová J., Bencko V., Poustka J., Holadová K., Vizek V. (1996): Occurrence of Persistent Organochlorine Contaminants in Human Milk
Collected in Several Regions of Czech Republic. Chemosphere 33, 1485-1494.
Szyrwiska K., Lulek J. (2002): Exposure to specific PCB congeners and some chlorinated pesticides via breast milk in Wielkopolska region - submitted
to publication.
Van Cleuvenbergen, R., Mannaert, P., Van Durme, N., Vinkx, C., Goeyens, L. (2002): Spatiotemporal trends of PCDD/Fs in Belgian cow´s milk.
Organohalogen Compounds 56, 441-444.
Van Leeuwen, R. F. X., Malish, R. (2002): Results of the third round of the WHO-coordinated exposure study on the levels of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs
in human milk. Organohalogen Compounds, 56, 311-316.


1.21
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(Shatalov et al., 2000, 2001). MSCE-
POP MSC-E Report4/2000 (Vol. 1) www.msce@msceast.org.
1.24.2 () [()]
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a

b

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105


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106


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b



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b



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. 4.8. () (a), (b) () 1998 .,
EMEP/MSCE-POP .
107



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- 1970 1997 .
, .
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-

11 %
16 %
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73 %

. 4.9. -
1997 ., EMEP/MSC-E.

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-,
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. 4.10. a ­ - , /3; b ­ -
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108


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1998 . . 4.12.
109



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40 %
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1998 . EMEP/MSCE-POP
.



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31 %


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4.14 ,
.



a ­ , /

b ­ , /3
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. 4.14. -
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. 4.15. -153 , /3.


111


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1970 1998 ,
.
1998 . . 4.16.
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. , ,
.
(Shatalov et al., 2001). , 80%
, .



8 %

0.6 %
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89 %

. 4.16. 1998 .

- .
. 4.17
.
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a b









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0.2 - 0.35
15 - 37


a ­ , / b ­ , /3

. 4.18. 1998 .
EMEP/MSCE-POP .


. -
,
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,
, .

< 0.001
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. 4.19. (/3)
1990 ., «» MSCE-POP.
1.24.6
1970 1990 . ,
I-TEQ.

1999 . . 4.20.
113



75.6 %

-
0.06 %
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1.55 %
22.03 %

. 4.20.
1999 .

, , , , ,
. , 60%
, .
.
1999 .
. 4.21.
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0.001 - 0.2
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a b













. 4.21. a ­ [( I-TEQ)/3], b ­
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, (
20 /3) (12 -52 /3), (8-31 /3),
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22 /) (0,5-22 /).
(. 4.22b) 0,01 150 /.
( 30 /) (66-159 /), (18-159 /)
(32-67 /).
( 10 /) (19 /),
(2-19 /) (4-19 /).
114


0.01 - 1
0.01 - 1
1 - 2
1 - 10
2 - 5
10 - 20
5 - 10
10 - 20
20 - 50
50 - 150


a ­ , ( I-TEQ)/ b ­ , ( I-TEQ)/
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5 - 10
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c ­ , ( I-TEQ)/

. 4.22.
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and Hites, 1995; Wania and Mackay, 1996).
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115


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Muir et al., 1995?

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Calamari,
1991,
Simonich & Hites,
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,

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Iwata et al., 1993,
Muir et al., 1996;
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1995
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,

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Iwata et al., 1993;
Simonich & Hites,
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1.26
.
, .
,
.

, .
,
. ,
.
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EMEP/MSCE-POP

, ,
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.
( , , , -)
, «»
. «» EMEP/MSCE-POP ,
.
1.27
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1.28
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